The role of gut-lung axis in COPD: Pathogenesis, immune response, and prospective treatment.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and healthcare burden worldwide. The progression of COPD is a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, primarily cigarette smoking, and the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Intestinal microecology impacts host immunity, metabolism, and resistance to pathogenic infections, which may be involved in pulmonary disease. Moreover, substantial interaction occurs between the intestinal and respiratory immune niches. After reviewing nearly 500 articles, we found the gut-lung axis plays an important role in the development of COPD. COPD patients often have dysbiosis of the intestinal microenvironment, which can affect host immunity through a series of mechanisms, exacerbating or protecting against COPD progression. This paper summarizes how the gut-lung axis influences COPD, including the alterations of intestinal microecology, the pathological mechanisms, and the involved immune responses. Finally, we summarize the latest research advances in COPD treatment from the perspective of regulating the gut-lung axis and intestinal immunity and evaluate the potential value of the gut-lung axis in improving COPD prognosis.

Content of medicine prescription and clinical practice training for haematology advanced practice nurses in China: A modified Delphi study.

AIM: To explore the scope and form of prescriptions for blood and hematopoietic drugs that future advanced practice nurses (APNs) in the Department of Haematology and to establish a medicine prescription training content in China. BACKGROUND: Because the increasing number of doctors cannot meet the increasing demand for medical care with the population growth, many countries have begun to explore the medical team structure and practice areas, among which nurse prescribing rights have been the most effective. However, China's higher nursing education system still lacks education and training on nurse prescription. DESIGN: On the basis of literature research and semi-structured interviews, a set of nursing prescription content, education, training and practice system suitable for Chinese nurses was jointly created. METHODS: Two rounds of expert consultation between 23 haematology nursing experts and clinical experts determined the training content of blood system drugs and medicine prescriptions. Additionally, on the basis of the 23 experts，13 experts engaged in clinical and education, teaching and training experts were involved. Two rounds of expert consultation with 36 experts identified a general clinical practice training program for advanced practice nurses in China. RESULTS: Regarding contents and forms of hematopoietic drugs, the study concluded that advanced practice nurses in haematology department can prescribe anti-anemia drugs, anti-coagulant drugs and anti-thrombotic drugs in 2 categories and 16 drugs. Of these, four kinds of drugs should be prescribed in the form of protocol prescription. One kind of drug should be prescribed in the form of extended prescription and 11 drugs should be prescribed in the form of independent/extended or agreed/extended prescription. Regarding training content, the study obtained the training content of nurses' medicine prescriptions in eight clinical circumstances and the medicine prescription training content for common diseases of the blood system. The required specifications and the medicine prescription decision skills of nurses were sorted out according to different prescription types. CONCLUSIONS: The degrees of expert authority were both higher in consultations. Moreover, the results after consultation were reliable. It was recommended that haematology APNs could prescribe anti-anaemic drugs and anti-coagulation and anti-thrombotic drugs. Furthermore, most drugs should be prescribed in the form of independent/extended or agreed/extended prescriptions. The establishment of a medicine prescription training content for haematology APNs is expected to provide a reference for clinical practice education and training for drug prescriptive authority applicants for blood and hematopoietic system nurses in China.

Prediction of rhinitis with class imbalance based on heterogeneous ensemble learning.

Common clinical rhinitis is characterized by different types of cases and class imbalance. Its prediction belongs to multiple output classification. Low recognition rate and poor generalization performance often occur for minority class. Therefore, we propose a novel integrated classification model, ARF-OOBEE, which transforms the multi-output classification to multi-label classification and multi-class classification. The multi-label classifier automatically adjusts the number and depth of integrated forest learners according to the imbalance ratio of single class label in a subset. It can effectively reduce the impact of class imbalance on classification and improve prediction performance of both majority or minority class concurrently. Also, we build a multi-class classification based on out-of-bag Extra-Tree to accomplish finer classification for the predicted labels. In addition, we calculate the feature importance for rhinitis on the grounds of the purity of nodes in decision-making tree inside Random Forest and study the correlation between rhinitis features. We conduct 12 folds cross-validation experiments on 461 cases of clinical rhinitis. The outcomes show that the evaluation indicators of ARF-OOBEE, such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, F1-Score, AUC, and G-Mean are 74.9%,86.5%,92.0%,78.3%,95.3%, and 79.9%, respectively. In comparison to the other methods, ARF-OOBEE has better evaluation indicator and is more effective for the early clinical diagnosis of rhinitis.

Efficient Removal of Antimony(V) from Antimony Mine Wastewater by Micrometer Zero-Valent Iron.

This paper investigates the effectiveness of two commercial micron zero-valent irons (mZVIs) in removing Sb(V) from antimony mine wastewater. The wastewater contains a range of complex components and heavy metal ions, including As(V), which can impact the removal efficiency of mZVI. The study aims to provide insights into actual working conditions and focuses on influencing factors and standard conditions. The results demonstrate that mZVI can reduce Sb(V) concentration in the mine wastewater from 3875.7 µg/L to below the drinking water standard of 5 µg/L within 2 h. Adding a small amount of mZVI every 30 min helps to maintain a high removal rate. The study confirms the existence of a reduction reaction by changing the atmospheric conditions of the reaction, and the addition of 1,10-phenanthroline highlights the important role of active Fe(II) in the adsorption and removal of Sb(V) by mZVI. Additionally, the paper presents an innovative experimental method of acid treatment followed by alkali treatment, which proves the interfacial reaction between mZVI and Sb(V). Overall, the study demonstrates that the removal of Sb(V) by mZVI entails a dual function of reduction and adsorption, highlighting the potential of mZVI in repairing Sb(V) in antimony mine wastewater.

EEG Emotion Recognition by Fusion of Multi-Scale Features.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals exhibit low amplitude, complex background noise, randomness, and significant inter-individual differences, which pose challenges in extracting sufficient features and can lead to information loss during the mapping process from low-dimensional feature matrices to high-dimensional ones in emotion recognition algorithms. In this paper, we propose a Multi-scale Deformable Convolutional Interacting Attention Network based on Residual Network (MDCNAResnet) for EEG-based emotion recognition. Firstly, we extract differential entropy features from different channels of EEG signals and construct a three-dimensional feature matrix based on the relative positions of electrode channels. Secondly, we utilize deformable convolution (DCN) to extract high-level abstract features by replacing standard convolution with deformable convolution, enhancing the modeling capability of the convolutional neural network for irregular targets. Then, we develop the Bottom-Up Feature Pyramid Network (BU-FPN) to extract multi-scale data features, enabling complementary information from different levels in the neural network, while optimizing the feature extraction process using Efficient Channel Attention (ECANet). Finally, we combine the MDCNAResnet with a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) to further capture the contextual semantic information of EEG signals. Experimental results on the DEAP dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, achieving accuracies of 98.63% and 98.89% for Valence and Arousal dimensions, respectively.

Prediction of control temperature and emergency temperature of monadic/binary aromatic nitro compounds by quantitative structure-property relationship: correlation study of self-accelerating decomposition temperature in thermal hazard assessment.

CONTEXT: The thermal hazard of reactions caused by the structural instability of aromatic nitro compounds is a major concern in the field of chemical process safety and one of the main causes of major thermal runaway (TR) accidents such as fire and explosion. Among them, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), as an important parameter, has been widely used to evaluate the thermal hazards of aromatic nitro compounds in actual storage and transportation processes. However, the control temperature (CT) and emergency temperature (ET), which depend on and are associated with SADT, have been rarely reported in previous studies. In this work, multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models for CT and ET were constructed based on the molecular descriptors corresponding to the stable structures of 27 monadic/binary aromatic nitro compounds, combined with advanced adiabatic accelerating calorimetric experiments and quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR). The optimal subset of descriptors with significant contributions was screened out while the fit, predictive ability, and robustness of the four types of models were evaluated with internal and external validation parameters, and finally, two types of parameters (R2 and ARE) were selected as the main indicators for a comprehensive comparative analysis. The results show that the four models fit the experimental data well. During this period, the accuracy of ANN models is slightly higher than that of MLR models, and the QSPR models under the two modes (linear and nonlinear) are more inclined toward ET in prediction ability. Based on simplifying the calculation process and realizing rapid parameter prediction, this study is expected to provide technical support for engineering applications such as safe operation, safe storage and transportation of substances, and emergency response in the chemical industry. METHODS: In this work, we tested and calculated the thermal safety parameters of 27 monadic/binary aromatic nitro compounds by ARC and AKTS and further used the PubChem database and Gaussian 09 software program to obtain and optimize their corresponding molecular structures. The geometric optimization process adopts DFT on the B3LYP level and the 6-31 + G(d, p) basis set, while the same functional and basis set was used for vibration analysis. The OpenBabel toolbox and ChemDES platform were used for transformation coding and descriptor calculation. Finally, IBM SPSS Statistics 24 and MATLAB software were used to construct MLR models and ANN models, respectively.

The efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine alone or combined with orthokeratology for children with myopia: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine alone and in combination with orthokeratology for myopia control using a meta-analysis. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were searched. We included eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and retrospective cohort studies, published up to August 1, 2022. We calculated the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for all outcomes and plotted them in forest plots. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included; 4 and 11 in the 0.01% atropine monotherapy and atropine-orthokeratology (AOK) groups, respectively. Compared with orthokeratology (OK) alone, 0.01% atropine alone had similar effects on slowing the axial elongation (WMD: -0.00 mm; 95% CI: -0.05-0.04, p<0.31), while AOK significantly lowered axial growth. Moreover, the baseline myopic degree and duration of treatment were influential for the change in axial elongation (WMD: -0.12 mm; 95% CI: -0.17--0.07, p = 0.00001 and WMD: -0.11 mm; 95% CI: -0.15--0.108, p<0.00001, respectively). Additionally, the AOK may reduce the change rate of the spherical equivalent refraction and the accommodation amplitude (WMD: -0.13 D; 95% CI: 0.07-0.19, p<0.001 and WMD: -1.08 mm; 95% CI: -1.73--0.43, p<0.0001, respectively), and cause a slight increase in the diameter of the pupil (WMD: 0.56 mm; 95% CI: 0.43-0.70, p = 0.007). No significant differences in the uncorrected distant visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, tear film break-up time, lipid layer thickness, and corneal endothelial cell density were found between the OK and AOK groups. CONCLUSION: In slowing the axial elongation, 0.01% atropine alone and OK alone have similar effects, while AOK is more effective than OK alone in slowing down the axial elongation. Furthermore, the baseline degree of myopia and treatment duration may affect changes in axial elongation.

Emerging role of ferroptosis-related circular RNA in tumor metastasis.

Tumor metastasis is an important factor that contributes to the poor prognosis of patients with tumors. Therefore, to solve this problem, research on the mechanism of metastasis is essential. Ferroptosis, a new mode of cell death, is characterized by membrane damage due to lipid peroxidation caused by iron overload. Many studies have shown that excessive ferroptosis can affect tumor metastasis and thus inhibit tumor progression. Recently, circular RNA (circRNA), a type of non-coding RNA, has been shown to be associated with the progression of ferroptosis, thus influencing tumor development. However, the specific mechanisms by which circRNAs affect the progression of ferroptosis and their roles in tumor metastasis are not known. In this review, we systematically discuss the role of circRNAs in regulating tumor ferroptosis and their mechanism of action through sponging miRNAS in various tumors, thereby impacting metastasis. This review helps elucidate the relationship and role of ferroptosis-related circRNAs in tumor metastasis and may provide future researchers with new ideas and directions for targeted therapies.

Posterior corneal elevation changes during 12 month of overnight orthokeratology.

Aims: the aim of this study to investigate the elevation changes in posterior corneal surface after 12 months of orthokeratology (ortho-k) treatment. Methods: In this retrospective chart review, medical records of 37 Chinese children who wore ortho-k lenses over 12 months were reviewed. The data of only right eye were analyzed. Variables including the flat and steep keratometry of anterior and posterior corneal principal meridians, central corneal thickness (CCT), posterior thinnest elevation of cornea (PTE), posterior central elevation of cornea (PCE) and posterior mean elevation of cornea (PME) were measured by Pentacam. Variables including anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (CLT) and ocular axis length (AL) were measured by optical biometry. All variables differences between baseline and 12 months after ortho-k treatment were assessed by statistical analyses. Results: The average age of all subjects was 10.70 ± 1.75 years (range 8-15 years old). The baseline spherical equivalent (SE) was -3.26 ± 1.52 D (-0.50D to -5.00D). Both flat and steep keratometry of anterior corneal surface and CCT were significantly decreased after 12 month follow up during ortho-k treatment (both P < 0.000). Both flat and steep keratometry of posterior corneal surface were not significantly different after 12 month follow up compared with that of baseline (P = 0.426, 0.134 respectively). PCE, PTE and PME were not significantly changed over 12 months of ortho-k treatment (P = 0.051, 0.952 and 0.197 respectively). The ACD was significantly decreased in 12 month follow up during ortho-k treatment (P = 0.001). The CLT and the AL were significantly increased during this period (both P < 0.000). Conclusion: Although the anterior corneal surface was significantly changed by ortho-k lens, the posterior corneal surface did not show any changes during 12 months follow up. Simultaneously, The ACD, CLT and AL were significantly changed during this period.

Adverse health effects of emerging contaminants on inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming increasingly prevalent with the improvement of people's living standards in recent years, especially in urban areas. The emerging environmental contaminant is a newly-proposed concept in the progress of industrialization and modernization, referring to synthetic chemicals that were not noticed or researched before, which may lead to many chronic diseases, including IBD. The emerging contaminants mainly include microplastics, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, chemical herbicides, heavy metals, and persisting organic pollutants. In this review, we summarize the adverse health effect of these emerging contaminants on humans and their relationships with IBD. Therefore, we can better understand the impact of these new emerging contaminants on IBD, minimize their exposures, and lower the future incidence of IBD.

Chemical Process Alarm Root Cause Diagnosis Method Based on the Combination of Data-Knowledge-Driven Method and Time Retrospective Reasoning.

Due to the abrupt nature of the chemical process, a large number of alarms are often generated at the same time. As a result of the flood of alarms, it largely hinders the operator from making accurate judgments and correct actions for the root cause of the alarm. The existing diagnosis methods for the root cause of alarms are relatively single, and their ability to accurately find out complex accident chains and assist decision making is weak. This paper introduces a method that integrates the knowledge-driven method and the data-driven method to establish an alarm causal network model and then traces the source to realize the alarm root cause diagnosis, and develops the related system modules. The knowledge-driven method uses the hidden causality in the optimized hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) report, while the data-driven method combines the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) and Granger causality test, and the traceability mechanism uses the time-based retrospective reasoning method. In the case study, the practical application of the method is compared with the experimental application in a real petrochemical plant. The results show that this method helps to improve the accuracy of correct diagnosis of the root cause of the alarm and can assist the operators in decision making. Using this method, the root cause diagnosis of alarm can be realized quickly and scientifically, and the probability of misjudgment by operators can be reduced, which has a certain degree of scientificity.

Crystalline lens thickness change is associated with axial length elongation and myopia progression in orthokeratology.

AIMS: Considering individual variability in regards to the effects of orthokeratology (ortho-k) on myopia progression and controversies regarding the precise underlying mechanism, the aim of this study was to investigate several ocular measurements associated with axial length (AL) growth in children wearing ortho-k lenses. METHODS: In this retrospective chart review, medical records of 53 Chinese children who wore ortho-k lenses over the course of 12 months were reviewed. Baseline variables included age at initiation of ortho-k wear, refractive error (spherical equivalent, SE), central corneal thickness (CCT), and flat and steep keratometry of corneal principal meridians. The change of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and the change of crystalline lens thickness (CLT) between baseline and the 12-month follow-up were also analyzed. The contributions of all analyzed variables to AL change were assessed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Initially, the results of paired t-test showed that CLT and AL were significantly increased after 12 months of ortho-k wear compared with that at baseline (P = 0.001 and < 0.001). The ACD did not change significantly after 12 months compared with that at baseline (P = 0.491). Subsequently, univariate analyses showed that a reduced rate of AL elongation was found in children who were older age at initiation of ortho-k wear (P = 0.028), had greater SE (higher degree of myopia) at baseline (p = 0.006), had thicker CCT at baseline (P = 0.04), and had greater increase of CLT (P = 0.001) in 12 months. At last, only greater SE (higher degree of myopia) and greater increase of CLT were associated with smaller increases of AL in multivariable analyses, (P = 0.003 and 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both CLT and AL were significantly increased in children with overnight ortho-k wear after 12 months of follow-up. Greater baseline SE and greater increase of CLT were associated with less increase in AL during ortho-k wear in children with myopia.

Gastroenterology nurse prescribing in China: A Delphi method.

AIM: This study aims to identify and reach a consensus among experts on the specific gastroenterology drugs that a gastroenterology nurse may be able to prescribe. DESIGN: This study employs a modified Delphi design to reach a consensus among medical and nursing experts about the gastroenterology system drugs that nurses may prescribe medication. METHOD: From August 2019-November 2019, a two-round study, consisting of 26 medical and nursing experts, was conducted using the Delphi method. IBM SPSS Ver. 22 and descriptive statistical software were used to analyse the results of the consultations. RESULTS: A total of 37 drugs across nine categories are identified as relevant to Chinese nurses working in gastroenterology departments. Among them, four drugs are generally prescribed independently, 24 tend to be prescribed collaboratively and nine are prescribed either independently, or in collaboration with others. CONCLUSIONS: This list is a fundamental and dependable instrument for identifying the gastroenterology drugs that could possibly be prescribed by gastroenterology nurses in China. The research results have important guiding significance for the formulation and implementation of relevant policies for nurses to prescribe medicines. IMPACT: Nurse prescribing has become a global trend and is slowly gaining attention in China under the development strategy of 'Healthy China'. As such, this list will give some reference for policy formulation and implementation of future nurse prescribing in mainland China.

Total Synthesis of Caesalpinnone A.

Total synthesis of caesalpinnone A was achieved in 12 steps starting from resorcinol. Key features of the synthesis include BINOL-phosphoric acid catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition, trans-selective nucleophilic substitution, deallylation/oxa-Michael addition cascade, and late-stage photo-Fries rearrangement.

Determination of atomic vacancies in InAs/GaSb strained-layer superlattices by atomic strain.

Determining vacancy in complex crystals or nanostructures represents an outstanding crystallographic problem that has a large impact on technology, especially for semiconductors, where vacancies introduce defect levels and modify the electronic structure. However, vacancy is hard to locate and its structure is difficult to probe experimentally. Reported here are atomic vacancies in the InAs/GaSb strained-layer superlattice (SLS) determined by atomic-resolution strain mapping at picometre precision. It is shown that cation and anion vacancies in the InAs/GaSb SLS give rise to local lattice relaxations, especially the nearest atoms, which can be detected using a statistical method and confirmed by simulation. The ability to map vacancy defect-induced strain and identify its location represents significant progress in the study of vacancy defects in compound semiconductors.

Dynamic-template-directed multiscale assembly for large-area coating of highly-aligned conjugated polymer thin films.

Solution processable semiconducting polymers have been under intense investigations due to their diverse applications from printed electronics to biomedical devices. However, controlling the macromolecular assembly across length scales during solution coating remains a key challenge, largely due to the disparity in timescales of polymer assembly and high-throughput printing/coating. Herein we propose the concept of dynamic templating to expedite polymer nucleation and the ensuing assembly process, inspired by biomineralization templates capable of surface reconfiguration. Molecular dynamic simulations reveal that surface reconfigurability is key to promoting template-polymer interactions, thereby lowering polymer nucleation barrier. Employing ionic-liquid-based dynamic template during meniscus-guided coating results in highly aligned, highly crystalline donor-acceptor polymer thin films over large area (>1 cm2) and promoted charge transport along both the polymer backbone and the π-π stacking direction in field-effect transistors. We further demonstrate that the charge transport anisotropy can be reversed by tuning the degree of polymer backbone alignment.

Peak separation method for sub-lattice strain analysis at atomic resolution: Application to InAs/GaSb superlattice.

We report on a direct measurement of cation and anion sub-lattice strain in an InAs/GaSb type-II strained layer superlattice (T2SLs) using atomic resolution imaging and advanced image processing. Atomic column positions in InAs and GaSb are determined by separating the cation and anion peak intensities. Analysis of the InAs/GaSb T2SLs reveals the compressive strain in the nominal GaSb layer and tensile strain at interfaces between constituent layers, which indicate In incorporation into the nominal GaSb layer and the formation of GaAs like interfaces, respectively. The results are compared with the model-dependent X-ray diffraction measurements in terms of interfacial chemical intermixing and strain. Together, these techniques provide a robust measurement of atomic-scale strain which is vital to determine T2SL properties.

Three-dimensional nanostructure determination from a large diffraction data set recorded using scanning electron nanodiffraction.

A diffraction-based technique is developed for the determination of three-dimensional nanostructures. The technique employs high-resolution and low-dose scanning electron nanodiffraction (SEND) to acquire three-dimensional diffraction patterns, with the help of a special sample holder for large-angle rotation. Grains are identified in three-dimensional space based on crystal orientation and on reconstructed dark-field images from the recorded diffraction patterns. Application to a nanocrystalline TiN thin film shows that the three-dimensional morphology of columnar TiN grains of tens of nanometres in diameter can be reconstructed using an algebraic iterative algorithm under specified prior conditions, together with their crystallographic orientations. The principles can be extended to multiphase nanocrystalline materials as well. Thus, the tomographic SEND technique provides an effective and adaptive way of determining three-dimensional nanostructures.

Passivation Dynamics in the Anisotropic Deposition and Stripping of Bulk Magnesium Electrodes During Electrochemical Cycling.

Although rechargeable magnesium (Mg) batteries show promise for use as a next generation technology for high-density energy storage, little is known about the Mg anode solid electrolyte interphase and its implications for the performance and durability of a Mg-based battery. We explore in this report passivation effects engendered during the electrochemical cycling of a bulk Mg anode, characterizing their influences during metal deposition and dissolution in a simple, nonaqueous, Grignard electrolyte solution (ethylmagnesium bromide, EtMgBr, in tetrahydrofuran). Scanning electron microscopy images of Mg foil working electrodes after electrochemical polarization to dissolution potentials show the formation of corrosion pits. The pit densities so evidenced are markedly potential-dependent. When the Mg working electrode is cycled both potentiostatically and galvanostatically in EtMgBr these pits, formed due to passive layer breakdown, act as the foci for subsequent electrochemical activity. Detailed microscopy, diffraction, and spectroscopic data show that further passivation and corrosion results in the anisotropic stripping of the Mg {0001} plane, leaving thin oxide-comprising passivated side wall structures that demark the {0001} fiber texture of the etched Mg grains. Upon long-term cycling, oxide side walls formed due to the pronounced crystallographic anisotropy of the anodic stripping processes, leading to complex overlay anisotropic, columnar structures, exceeding 50 µm in height. The passive responses mediating the growth of these structures appear to be an intrinsic feature of the electrochemical growth and dissolution of Mg using this electrolyte.

Lattice and strain analysis of atomic resolution Z-contrast images based on template matching.

A real space approach is developed based on template matching for quantitative lattice analysis using atomic resolution Z-contrast images. The method, called TeMA, uses the template of an atomic column, or a group of atomic columns, to transform the image into a lattice of correlation peaks. This is helped by using a local intensity adjusted correlation and by the design of templates. Lattice analysis is performed on the correlation peaks. A reference lattice is used to correct for scan noise and scan distortions in the recorded images. Using these methods, we demonstrate that a precision of few picometers is achievable in lattice measurement using aberration corrected Z-contrast images. For application, we apply the methods to strain analysis of a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown LaMnO3 and SrMnO3 superlattice. The results show alternating epitaxial strain inside the superlattice and its variations across interfaces at the spatial resolution of a single perovskite unit cell. Our methods are general, model free and provide high spatial resolution for lattice analysis.